Table Of Contents

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Setting Up the Development Environment

Chapter 3: Planning the Game

3.3.1 Player Character

3.3.2 Platforms

3.3.3 Enemies

3.3.4 Collectibles

3.3.5 Environment

3.6.1 Gravity and Physics

3.6.2 Scrolling Camera

3.6.3 Enemy Behavior

Chapter 4: Setting Up the Game Window

Step 1: Initialize Pygame

Step 2: Set the Frame Rate

Explanation:

Step 1: Load the Background Image

Step 2: Draw the Background

Step 1: Capture Key Presses

Step 1: Create a Font Object

Step 2: Render the Frame Rate

Step 1: Create the Game Class

Step 2: Start the Game

Chapter 5: Creating the Player Character

Step 1: Define the Player Class

Step 1: Integrate the Player

Step 1: Horizontal Movement

Step 2: Vertical Movement (Gravity)

Step 3: Jumping

Chapter 6: Building the Game World

Step 1: Define the Platform Class

Step 2: Add Platforms to the Game

Step 1: Add Collision Logic to the Player Class

Step 2: Pass Platforms to the Update Method

Step 1: Plan the Level Layout

Step 2: Store Level Data in JSON Files

Step 3: Load Level Data

Step 1: Extend the Platform Class

Step 2: Add Moving Platforms to the Level

Chapter 7: Adding Enemies

Step 1: Define the Base Enemy Class

Step 2: Create the Walker Enemy

Step 3: Create the Chaser Enemy

Step 1: Integrate Enemies

Step 1: Define Player-Enemy Collision

Step 2: Allow Player to Defeat Enemies

Chapter 8: Adding Interactivity

Step 1: Define the Coin Class

Step 2: Add Coins to the Game

Step 3: Display the Score

Step 1: Define the Power-Up Class

Step 2: Add Power-Ups to the Game

Step 3: Handle Power-Up Effects

Chapter 9: Adding Backgrounds and Music

Step 1: Create a Background Class

Step 2: Integrate the Background into the Game

Step 1: Initialize Pygame Mixer

Step 2: Add Background Music

Step 3: Add Sound Effects

Chapter 10: Polishing the Game

Step 1: Create the Menu Class

Step 2: Integrate the Menu into the Game

Step 1: Create the Game Over Function

Step 2: Trigger Game Over

Step 1: Debugging Common Issues

Step 2: User Testing

Add Difficulty Levels

Add Visual Effects

Checklist:

Chapter 11: Packaging and Distributing the Game

Step 1: Install PyInstaller

Step 2: Verify Installation

Step 1: Prepare Your Project Folder

Step 2: Run PyInstaller

Step 1: Modify the Command

Step 2: Adjust File Paths

Option 1: Local Sharing

Option 2: Hosting Online

Option 3: Compress the Game

Add a Launcher Icon

Add Version Information

Chapter 12: Conclusion and Next Steps

Gameplay Enhancements

Visual and Audio Improvements

Technical Enhancements

Thematic Customization

By; Chip Ziem

Table of Contents

Introduction

Overview of the Project

What You’ll Learn

Prerequisites

Setting Up the Development Environment

Installing Python

Setting Up PyCharm

Installing Required Libraries

Planning the Game

Game Design Overview

Features of the Platformer Game

Creating the Game Plan

Setting Up the Game Window

Using Pygame to Create a Game Window

Handling Basic Events

Creating the Player Character

Designing the Player Sprite

Implementing Movement and Gravity

Building the Game World

Designing Platforms

Adding Levels

Adding Enemies

Designing Enemy Sprites

Programming Enemy Behavior

Adding Interactivity

Collecting Coins or Power-Ups

Scoring System

Adding Backgrounds and Music

Creating a Scrolling Background

Adding Sound Effects and Music

Polishing the Game

Adding a Start Menu and Game Over Screen

Debugging and Testing

Packaging and Distributing the Game

Using PyInstaller to Create an Executable

Sharing Your Game

Conclusion and Next Steps

Summary of Concepts Learned

Ideas for Expanding the Game

Chapter 1: Introduction

Creating a Mario-style platformer game is a rewarding and fun way to learn programming concepts while building a fully functional game. In this chapter, we’ll explore what makes a platformer game special, provide an overview of the project, and discuss what you’ll learn along the way.

1.1 What is a Platformer Game?

Platformer games are a popular genre characterized by a player navigating a world by jumping between platforms, avoiding obstacles, and interacting with enemies. Classic examples include the Super Mario Bros. series, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Donkey Kong.

Key elements of a platformer game include:

Player Movement: Running, jumping, and landing smoothly.

Game World: Platforms, gaps, and obstacles that challenge the player.

Enemies: AI-controlled characters that the player must avoid or defeat.

Collectibles: Coins, power-ups, or other items that add rewards or functionality.

Goals: Reaching the end of the level, defeating enemies, or collecting all items.

1.2 Why Build a Mario-Style Game?

Creating a Mario-style platformer game allows you to:

Learn Game Development: Dive into core concepts like collision detection, sprite animations, and level design.

Practice Python Programming: Enhance your Python skills while working on a real-world project.

Develop Problem-Solving Skills: Break down complex tasks into smaller, manageable problems.

Unleash Creativity: Design levels, create characters, and add your personal touch to the game.

1.3 Overview of the Project

This project involves creating a side-scrolling platformer game using Python and Pygame. By the end of the project, you’ll have a playable game with the following features:

A player character that can run, jump, and interact with platforms.

Levels with platforms, enemies, and collectibles.

A scoring system to track the player’s progress.

A scrolling background for immersive gameplay.

Sound effects and music to enhance the experience.

1.4 Learning Outcomes

As you build this game, you’ll gain hands-on experience with:

Python Fundamentals:

Functions, classes, loops, and data structures.

Game Programming Concepts:

Handling player input, updating game states, and rendering graphics.

Physics Simulation:

Simulating gravity, jumps, and collisions.

Pygame Library:

Creating and managing sprites, handling events, and rendering graphics.

Game Design:

Designing levels, balancing difficulty, and adding engaging mechanics.

1.5 Prerequisites

This project is beginner-friendly but assumes some familiarity with Python. Specifically, you should:

Understand basic Python programming concepts like variables, loops, and functions.

Be comfortable using PyCharm or any Python IDE for development.

If you’re new to Python or game development, don’t worry! This e-book provides step-by-step instructions to guide you through the process.

1.6 Tools You’ll Use

Python:

The programming language you’ll use to build the game.

Pygame:

A Python library for creating 2D games.

PyCharm:

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for writing and debugging Python code.

1.7 Project Structure

Here’s how the project will be built step by step:

Set Up the Environment: Install Python, PyCharm, and Pygame.

Create the Game Window: Set up the initial game screen and basic rendering.

Add a Player Character: Implement running, jumping, and collisions.

Design the Game World: Add platforms, levels, and scrolling mechanics.

Introduce Enemies: Create enemy AI and interactions.

Add Collectibles: Include coins or power-ups with a scoring system.

Enhance with Visuals and Audio: Add a scrolling background, sound effects, and music.

Test and Package: Debug and distribute your game as a standalone executable.

1.8 Inspiration and Creativity

While this project is inspired by classic Mario-style games, feel free to add your own twist! Here are some creative ideas to consider:

Unique Characters: Design your own player sprite and enemies.

Special Abilities: Add unique power-ups like double jumps or temporary invincibility.

Themed Levels: Create levels with unique settings, like forests, caves, or outer space.

Storyline: Incorporate a fun narrative to make your game more engaging.

1.9 What’s Next?

In the next chapter, we’ll set up the development environment by installing Python, PyCharm, and Pygame. By the end of Chapter 2, you’ll have a blank canvas ready to bring your game to life.

Chapter 2: Setting Up the Development Environment

Before diving into programming your Mario-style platformer game, we need to prepare the tools and environment. This chapter will guide you step-by-step through installing Python, setting up PyCharm, and configuring the required libraries like Pygame.

2.1 Installing Python

Python is the programming language we’ll use to build the game. Follow these steps to install it:

Download Python:

Visit the official Python website at python.org.

Download the latest version compatible with your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux).

Install Python:

Run the downloaded installer.

Important: Check the box that says "Add Python to PATH" before proceeding.

Follow the installation wizard and complete the process.

Verify Installation:

Open a terminal or command prompt and type:

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python --version

You should see the installed version of Python (e.g., Python 3.x.x).

2.2 Installing PyCharm

PyCharm is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that simplifies writing and debugging Python code.

Download PyCharm:

Visit the official PyCharm website at jetbrains.com.

Download the Community Edition (free version).

Install PyCharm:

Run the downloaded installer.

Follow the setup wizard to install PyCharm on your computer.

Launch PyCharm:

Open PyCharm and complete the initial setup wizard.

Select the Light or Dark theme based on your preference.

2.3 Setting Up the Game Project

Create a New Project:

Open PyCharm and select File > New Project.

Name your project (e.g., MarioStyleGame).

Select a directory to save the project files.

Choose the Python interpreter installed earlier and click Create.

Set Up the Main Script:

In your project folder, create a new Python file named main.py:

Right-click on the project folder in PyCharm and select New > Python File.

Name it main.py.

Write a Test Script:

Add the following code to main.py to ensure everything is working:

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print("Welcome to the Mario-Style Platformer!")

Run the script:

Click the green triangle Run button in PyCharm.

You should see the output in the console: Welcome to the Mario-Style Platformer!.

2.4 Installing Pygame

Pygame is the library we’ll use to handle graphics, input, and game mechanics.

Install Pygame:

Open the terminal in PyCharm (View > Tool Windows > Terminal).

Type the following command to install Pygame:

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pip install pygame

Verify the Installation:

Add the following code to main.py and run it:

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import pygame print("Pygame version:", pygame.ver)

You should see the Pygame version printed in the console.

2.5 Configuring the Project Structure

To keep your project organized, set up a directory structure for the game:

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MarioStyleGame/ │ ├── main.py # Main game file ├── assets/ # Folder for game assets │ ├── images/ # Player, enemy, and background images │ ├── sounds/ # Music and sound effects ├── levels/ # Folder for level configurations │ ├── level1.json # Level data │ ├── level2.json ├── utils/ # Helper functions or classes │ ├── physics.py │ ├── collision.py

2.6 Testing Your Environment

Before proceeding, ensure everything is working correctly:

Run a Basic Pygame Script:

Replace the code in main.py with the following:

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import pygame import sys # Initialize Pygame pygame.init() # Create a game window WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600 screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT)) pygame.display.set_caption("Testing Pygame Setup") # Main loop running = True while running: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: running = False # Fill the screen with a color screen.fill((135, 206, 235)) # Light blue pygame.display.flip() pygame.quit() sys.exit()

Run the script.

You should see a light blue window titled "Testing Pygame Setup." Close the window to stop the program.

Common Issues and Solutions:

Error: pygame not found

Ensure Pygame is installed correctly. Run:

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pip install pygame

Error: python not recognized as an internal or external command

Add Python to your PATH environment variable and restart your terminal.

2.7 Next Steps

With your development environment set up, you’re ready to start building the game. In the next chapter, we’ll plan the game mechanics and create the game window to kickstart the project.

Chapter 3: Planning the Game

Every great game starts with a well-thought-out plan. Before we dive into coding, we need to outline the game’s design, mechanics, and features. This chapter will guide you through the process of planning a Mario-style platformer game and creating a blueprint to ensure smooth development.

3.1 What is a Mario-Style Platformer?

A Mario-style platformer is a 2D side-scrolling game where players navigate through levels, jumping between platforms, collecting items, and avoiding or defeating enemies. These games are known for their simplicity, engaging mechanics, and fun level designs.

Key features of a platformer game:

Player Movement: Running, jumping, and landing smoothly on platforms.

Platforms: Static and moving surfaces for the player to traverse.

Enemies: AI-controlled characters that the player must avoid or defeat.

Collectibles: Coins, power-ups, or other items that reward the player.

Goals: Reaching the end of the level or completing objectives.

3.2 Game Concept

In this game, the player will control a character that moves through levels, collects coins, and avoids or defeats enemies. The game will feature the following:

Levels:

Multiple levels of increasing difficulty.

Levels include platforms, gaps, enemies, and collectibles.

Player Actions:

Move left and right.

Jump onto platforms.

Interact with enemies and collectibles.

Objectives:

Collect coins to increase the score.

Reach the flag or endpoint to complete the level.

Challenges:

Avoid falling off platforms.

Avoid or defeat enemies (e.g., by jumping on them).

Complete levels within a time limit.

3.3 Planning the Game Elements

Here’s a breakdown of the key game elements:

3.3.1 Player Character

Appearance: A small, cartoon-style character.

Abilities: The player can run, jump, and interact with platforms and enemies.

Controls:

Left/Right Arrows: Move left and right.

Spacebar: Jump.

3.3.2 Platforms

Types of Platforms:

Static Platforms: Stationary surfaces.

Moving Platforms: Platforms that move horizontally or vertically.

3.3.3 Enemies

Types of Enemies:

Walker: Moves back and forth on a platform.

Chaser: Moves toward the player.

Interactions:

Jumping on an enemy defeats it.

Colliding with an enemy reduces the player’s health or ends the game.

3.3.4 Collectibles

Coins: Increases the player’s score when collected.

Power-Ups:

Temporary speed boost.

Invincibility for a short duration.

3.3.5 Environment

Backgrounds: A scrolling backdrop that creates a sense of movement.

Obstacles: Gaps, spikes, or traps that challenge the player.

3.4 Designing the Levels

Levels are the heart of a platformer game. Here’s how we’ll design them:

Level Layout:

Create levels using a grid-based approach where each grid cell represents a platform, enemy, or collectible.

Progression:

Levels increase in difficulty by introducing more obstacles, enemies, and moving platforms.

Level Data:

Store level layouts in JSON files for easy customization.

Example of a simple level layout:

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{ "platforms": [ {"x": 0, "y": 500, "width": 200, "height": 20}, {"x": 300, "y": 400, "width": 150, "height": 20}, {"x": 600, "y": 300, "width": 100, "height": 20} ], "coins": [ {"x": 100, "y": 450}, {"x": 350, "y": 350} ], "enemies": [ {"type": "walker", "x": 400, "y": 480} ] }

3.5 Drawing the Game Flow

Here’s the overall flow of the game:

Start Menu:

Players select a level or start a new game.

Game Level:

The player navigates the level, collecting coins and avoiding enemies.

Level Complete:

The player reaches the flag or endpoint.

Game Over:

The player loses all health or falls off the screen.

3.6 Key Mechanics to Implement

3.6.1 Gravity and Physics

Simulate gravity to make the player fall naturally when not on a platform.

Use collision detection to prevent the player from falling through platforms.

3.6.2 Scrolling Camera

The camera should follow the player, creating a scrolling effect as the player moves through the level.

3.6.3 Enemy Behavior

Program simple AI for enemies:

Walkers: Move back and forth.

Chasers: Follow the player’s position.

3.7 Game Design Sketch

Below is a simple sketch of how a level might look:

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|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | C M | | _____ _____ _____ Flag | | _______ ______ _______ | |------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

C: Coins.

M: Moving platform.

Platforms are arranged at different heights, with a flag marking the endpoint.

3.8 Planning for Expandability

Easily Add New Levels:

Use external JSON files to define levels.

Modular Code:

Write reusable functions for collision detection, movement, and enemy behavior.

Customizable Assets:

Load player sprites, enemy images, and backgrounds dynamically.

3.9 Next Steps

With the game plan in place, it’s time to start coding! In the next chapter, we’ll create the game window, set up the display, and handle basic events like closing the game.

Chapter 4: Setting Up the Game Window

The game window is the foundation of any 2D game. It’s where all the action happens—rendering the game world, displaying the player and enemies, and capturing user input. In this chapter, we’ll create the game window, set up basic rendering, and handle user events like closing the game.

4.1 What is the Game Window?

The game window is the canvas on which your game is drawn. It provides the following essential functionalities:

Rendering: Displaying game objects like characters, platforms, and backgrounds.

User Input: Capturing keyboard and mouse input.

Game Loop: Continuously updating the game state and redrawing the screen.

4.2 Creating the Game Window

Step 1: Initialize Pygame

To start, we’ll import Pygame and initialize it. Create a file named main.py and add the following code:

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import pygame import sys # Initialize Pygame pygame.init() # Screen dimensions WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600 screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer")

Step 2: Set the Frame Rate

Define a clock to control the game’s frame rate:

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# Clock to control frame rate clock = pygame.time.Clock() FPS = 60 # Frames per second

4.3 Creating the Main Game Loop

The main game loop runs continuously, updating the game state and rendering the screen. Add the following code to create the loop:

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# Main game loop running = True while running: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: running = False # Fill the screen with a color screen.fill((135, 206, 235)) # Light blue background # Update the display pygame.display.flip() # Control the frame rate clock.tick(FPS) pygame.quit() sys.exit()

Explanation:

pygame.event.get(): Captures user input (e.g., closing the window).

screen.fill(): Fills the screen with a color.

pygame.display.flip(): Updates the screen to reflect changes.

clock.tick(FPS): Ensures the game runs at a consistent 60 FPS.

Run the script, and you’ll see a light blue game window that closes when you click the “X” button.

4.4 Adding a Game Background

To make the game visually appealing, let’s add a background image.

Step 1: Load the Background Image

Save a background image in the assets/images/ directory. For example, save a file named background.png.

Modify the code to load and display the background:

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# Load the background image background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") # Scale the image to fit the screen background = pygame.transform.scale(background, (WIDTH, HEIGHT))

Step 2: Draw the Background

Replace screen.fill() with the following line to render the background:

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screen.blit(background, (0, 0))

Now, when you run the game, you’ll see the background image instead of a solid color.

4.5 Handling User Input

Let’s add functionality to capture keyboard input, such as pressing the left and right arrow keys.

Step 1: Capture Key Presses

Update the main loop to check for keyboard input:

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for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: running = False if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT: print("Left arrow pressed") if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT: print("Right arrow pressed")

Run the script and press the left or right arrow keys to see the corresponding messages in the console.

4.6 Adding Debugging Information

To help you debug during development, let’s display the frame rate in the game window.

Step 1: Create a Font Object

Add the following code to initialize a font:

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# Font for displaying text font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36)

Step 2: Render the Frame Rate

In the main loop, calculate and display the frame rate:

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# Calculate and render FPS fps_text = font.render(f"FPS: {int(clock.get_fps())}", True, (0, 0, 0)) screen.blit(fps_text, (10, 10))

Now, the game window will display the frame rate in the top-left corner.

4.7 Structuring the Code

To keep the code organized, we’ll define a Game class to encapsulate the game logic.

Step 1: Create the Game Class

Refactor the code into a class structure:

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class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((WIDTH, HEIGHT)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") self.background = pygame.transform.scale(self.background, (WIDTH, HEIGHT)) def run(self): while self.running: self.handle_events() self.update() self.render() self.clock.tick(FPS) pygame.quit() def handle_events(self): for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: self.running = False def update(self): pass # Update game state here def render(self): self.screen.blit(self.background, (0, 0)) pygame.display.flip()

Step 2: Start the Game

Add the following code at the end of main.py to start the game:

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if name == "__main__": game = Game() game.run()

4.8 Testing the Game Window

Run the Game:

Open main.py in PyCharm and run the script.

Ensure the game window displays the background and closes properly when you click “X.”

Troubleshooting:

Black Screen: Ensure the background image path is correct.

Slow Performance: Check the FPS setting and ensure your system can handle 60 FPS.

4.9 What’s Next?

With the game window set up, we’re ready to add the player character and implement basic movement. In the next chapter, we’ll create the player sprite, handle input, and simulate gravity.

Chapter 5: Creating the Player Character

The player character is the heart of any platformer game. In this chapter, we’ll create a player sprite, implement movement mechanics, and simulate gravity to give the character realistic physics. By the end of this chapter, your character will be able to run, jump, and interact with the game world.

5.1 What is a Player Sprite?

A sprite is a 2D image or animation that represents a character, object, or element in the game. In this case, the player sprite will be the character controlled by the player.

Key features of the player character:

Movement: The ability to run left and right.

Jumping: The ability to jump and land on platforms.

Physics: Simulating gravity and collision detection to create a realistic experience.

5.2 Creating the Player Sprite

Step 1: Define the Player Class

We’ll use Pygame’s Sprite class to create the player. Add the following code to a new file named player.py:

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import pygame class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((50, 50)) # Placeholder for the player self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) # Red color self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = x self.rect.y = y # Movement attributes self.velocity = pygame.math.Vector2(0, 0) # x and y velocity self.speed = 5 # Horizontal speed self.jump_strength = -15 # Jump force self.gravity = 0.8 # Gravity force def update(self, keys): # Horizontal movement if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]: self.velocity.x = -self.speed elif keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]: self.velocity.x = self.speed else: self.velocity.x = 0 # Vertical movement (gravity) self.velocity.y += self.gravity if self.velocity.y > 10: # Terminal velocity self.velocity.y = 10 # Apply movement self.rect.x += self.velocity.x self.rect.y += self.velocity.y # Prevent the player from falling through the bottom of the screen if self.rect.bottom > 600: # Assuming 600 is the screen height self.rect.bottom = 600 self.velocity.y = 0 def jump(self): if self.velocity.y == 0: # Allow jumping only if on the ground self.velocity.y = self.jump_strength

5.3 Adding the Player to the Game

Step 1: Integrate the Player

In main.py, import the Player class and add an instance of it to the game:

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from player import Player class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") self.background = pygame.transform.scale(self.background, (800, 600)) # Create player self.player = Player(100, 500) # Starting position self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group() self.all_sprites.add(self.player) def run(self): while self.running: self.handle_events() self.update() self.render() self.clock.tick(60) pygame.quit() def handle_events(self): for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: self.running = False if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE: # Jump action self.player.jump() def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.all_sprites.update(keys) def render(self): self.screen.blit(self.background, (0, 0)) self.all_sprites.draw(self.screen) pygame.display.flip()

5.4 Adding Player Movement

Step 1: Horizontal Movement

In the Player class, we’ve already added horizontal movement using the arrow keys:

Left Arrow: Moves the player left by setting velocity.x to a negative value.

Right Arrow: Moves the player right by setting velocity.x to a positive value.

Step 2: Vertical Movement (Gravity)

The velocity.y attribute simulates gravity, pulling the player down gradually.

Step 3: Jumping

The jump() method applies an upward force to the player by setting velocity.y to a negative value.

5.5 Testing the Player Character

Run the Game:

Open main.py in PyCharm and run the script.

The player character should appear as a red square that can move left, right, and jump.

Debugging Tips:

If the player falls through the screen, check the collision logic.

If movement feels too slow or too fast, adjust the speed and jump_strength attributes.

5.6 Enhancing the Player Sprite

Replace the placeholder square with an actual sprite image:

Add Player Image:

Save a character sprite (e.g., player.png) in the assets/images/ folder.

Load the Image: Modify the Player class to load and scale the sprite:

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class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.image.load("assets/images/player.png") self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (50, 50)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = x self.rect.y = y

5.7 Adding Animation (Optional)

To make the player more dynamic, you can add animation frames for walking and jumping:

Load Multiple Frames:

Store walking and jumping frames in a list:

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self.walk_frames = [ pygame.image.load("assets/images/player_walk1.png"), pygame.image.load("assets/images/player_walk2.png") ] self.jump_frame = pygame.image.load("assets/images/player_jump.png")

Switch Frames During Movement:

Update the image based on the player’s action:

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if self.velocity.y != 0: self.image = self.jump_frame elif self.velocity.x != 0: self.image = self.walk_frames[int(pygame.time.get_ticks() / 200) % len(self.walk_frames)] else: self.image = self.walk_frames[0]

5.8 Next Steps

With the player character complete, we’re ready to build the game world. In the next chapter, we’ll create platforms, add level layouts, and implement collision detection.

Chapter 6: Building the Game World

The game world is the backbone of any platformer. It provides the environment where the player navigates, jumps across platforms, and interacts with collectibles and enemies. In this chapter, we’ll build platforms, create level layouts, and implement collision detection to ensure the player interacts seamlessly with the game world.

6.1 What is the Game World?

In a platformer, the game world consists of:

Platforms: Surfaces for the player to stand, run, and jump on.

Obstacles: Gaps, spikes, or other hazards that challenge the player.

Collectibles: Coins or power-ups that reward the player.

Level Design: The arrangement of platforms, obstacles, and collectibles to create engaging challenges.

6.2 Creating Platforms

Step 1: Define the Platform Class

Create a Platform class in a new file named platform.py:

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import pygame class Platform(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y, width, height): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((width, height)) self.image.fill((0, 255, 0)) # Green color for platforms self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.topleft = (x, y)

Step 2: Add Platforms to the Game

In main.py, import the Platform class and create platform instances:

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from platform import Platform class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") self.background = pygame.transform.scale(self.background, (800, 600)) # Create player self.player = Player(100, 500) self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group() self.all_sprites.add(self.player) # Create platforms self.platforms = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_platforms() def create_platforms(self): platform1 = Platform(100, 400, 200, 20) platform2 = Platform(400, 300, 150, 20) platform3 = Platform(600, 200, 100, 20) self.platforms.add(platform1, platform2, platform3) self.all_sprites.add(platform1, platform2, platform3) def run(self): while self.running: self.handle_events() self.update() self.render() self.clock.tick(60) pygame.quit()

Run the game, and you’ll see green platforms on the screen.

6.3 Implementing Collision Detection

Collision detection ensures the player can stand on platforms and interact with the environment.

Step 1: Add Collision Logic to the Player Class

In player.py, update the update method to check for collisions with platforms:

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def update(self, keys, platforms): # Horizontal movement if keys[pygame.K_LEFT]: self.velocity.x = -self.speed elif keys[pygame.K_RIGHT]: self.velocity.x = self.speed else: self.velocity.x = 0 # Vertical movement (gravity) self.velocity.y += self.gravity if self.velocity.y > 10: # Terminal velocity self.velocity.y = 10 # Apply horizontal movement self.rect.x += self.velocity.x # Apply vertical movement and check for collisions self.rect.y += self.velocity.y for platform in platforms: if self.rect.colliderect(platform.rect) and self.velocity.y > 0: self.rect.bottom = platform.rect.top self.velocity.y = 0

Step 2: Pass Platforms to the Update Method

In main.py, update the Game.update method:

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def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.player.update(keys, self.platforms)

Now, the player can jump and land on platforms.

6.4 Designing Levels

Step 1: Plan the Level Layout

Create levels using a grid-based approach. Each platform, collectible, and enemy can be represented by a grid coordinate.

Example Level Layout:

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[ {"x": 100, "y": 400, "width": 200, "height": 20}, {"x": 400, "y": 300, "width": 150, "height": 20}, {"x": 600, "y": 200, "width": 100, "height": 20} ]

Step 2: Store Level Data in JSON Files

Save the level layout as level1.json in the levels/ directory:

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{ "platforms": [ {"x": 100, "y": 400, "width": 200, "height": 20}, {"x": 400, "y": 300, "width": 150, "height": 20}, {"x": 600, "y": 200, "width": 100, "height": 20} ] }

Step 3: Load Level Data

In main.py, add a method to load levels:

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import json def load_level(self, filename): with open(filename, 'r') as file: data = json.load(file) for platform_data in data['platforms']: platform = Platform( platform_data['x'], platform_data['y'], platform_data['width'], platform_data['height'] ) self.platforms.add(platform) self.all_sprites.add(platform)

Update create_platforms to load the level:

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self.load_level("levels/level1.json")

6.5 Adding Moving Platforms

To add more complexity, let’s create moving platforms.

Step 1: Extend the Platform Class

Add movement logic to the Platform class:

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class MovingPlatform(Platform): def init(self, x, y, width, height, speed, direction): super().__init__(x, y, width, height) self.speed = speed self.direction = direction # "horizontal" or "vertical" def update(self): if self.direction == "horizontal": self.rect.x += self.speed if self.rect.right > 800 or self.rect.left < 0: # Screen bounds self.speed = -1 elif self.direction == "vertical": self.rect.y += self.speed if self.rect.top < 0 or self.rect.bottom > 600: self.speed = -1

Step 2: Add Moving Platforms to the Level

Update level1.json:

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{ "moving_platforms": [ {"x": 300, "y": 350, "width": 100, "height": 20, "speed": 2, "direction": "horizontal"} ] }

Update load_level to include moving platforms:

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for platform_data in data.get('moving_platforms', []): platform = MovingPlatform( platform_data['x'], platform_data['y'], platform_data['width'], platform_data['height'], platform_data['speed'], platform_data['direction'] ) self.platforms.add(platform) self.all_sprites.add(platform)

6.6 Testing the Game World

Run the Game:

Ensure the player can jump onto static and moving platforms.

Verify that the player doesn’t fall through platforms.

Debugging Tips:

If the player clips through platforms, check collision logic.

If platforms move too fast, reduce their speed.

6.7 What’s Next?

Now that the game world is built, we’re ready to add enemies and collectibles. In the next chapter, we’ll create enemy sprites, program their behavior, and introduce interactive elements like coins and power-ups.

Chapter 7: Adding Enemies

Enemies add challenges and excitement to the game, requiring the player to navigate carefully and think strategically. In this chapter, we’ll design enemy sprites, program their behavior, and integrate them into the game world. By the end of this chapter, your game will have functioning enemies that move, interact with the player, and enhance the overall experience.

7.1 What is an Enemy in a Platformer?

Enemies are obstacles that the player must avoid or defeat. In a Mario-style platformer, enemies often:

Move in predefined patterns, such as back and forth along a platform.

React to the player by chasing or attacking.

Are defeated by specific actions, such as jumping on them.

7.2 Types of Enemies

For this game, we’ll implement two types of enemies:

Walker: Moves back and forth on a platform.

Chaser: Actively pursues the player when in range.

7.3 Creating Enemy Sprites

Step 1: Define the Base Enemy Class

Create a file named enemy.py and add the following code:

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import pygame class Enemy(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y, width, height): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((width, height)) self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) # Red for enemies self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.topleft = (x, y) self.velocity = pygame.math.Vector2(0, 0) def update(self): # Basic enemy logic (to be overridden by subclasses) pass

Step 2: Create the Walker Enemy

Extend the Enemy class to create a Walker that moves back and forth:

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class Walker(Enemy): def init(self, x, y, width, height, speed): super().__init__(x, y, width, height) self.speed = speed def update(self): self.rect.x += self.speed # Reverse direction when reaching the edge of the platform if self.rect.right > 800 or self.rect.left < 0: # Screen bounds self.speed *= -1

Step 3: Create the Chaser Enemy

Extend the Enemy class to create a Chaser that pursues the player:

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class Chaser(Enemy): def init(self, x, y, width, height, speed): super().__init__(x, y, width, height) self.speed = speed def update(self, player): # Move toward the player horizontally if self.rect.x < player.rect.x: self.rect.x += self.speed elif self.rect.x > player.rect.x: self.rect.x -= self.speed

7.4 Adding Enemies to the Game

Step 1: Integrate Enemies

In main.py, import the enemy classes and create enemy instances:

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from enemy import Walker, Chaser class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") self.background = pygame.transform.scale(self.background, (800, 600)) # Create player self.player = Player(100, 500) self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group() self.all_sprites.add(self.player) # Create platforms self.platforms = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_platforms() # Create enemies self.enemies = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_enemies() def create_enemies(self): walker = Walker(200, 550, 50, 50, speed=2) chaser = Chaser(500, 550, 50, 50, speed=2) self.enemies.add(walker, chaser) self.all_sprites.add(walker, chaser) def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.player.update(keys, self.platforms) # Update enemies for enemy in self.enemies: if isinstance(enemy, Chaser): enemy.update(self.player) else: enemy.update() def render(self): self.screen.blit(self.background, (0, 0)) self.all_sprites.draw(self.screen) pygame.display.flip()

7.5 Adding Enemy Interactions

Step 1: Define Player-Enemy Collision

In player.py, add a method to check collisions with enemies:

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def check_collision_with_enemies(self, enemies): for enemy in enemies: if self.rect.colliderect(enemy.rect): return True # Player is hit by an enemy return False

Update main.py to check for collisions:

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if self.player.check_collision_with_enemies(self.enemies): print("Game Over!") # Handle player death here self.running = False

Step 2: Allow Player to Defeat Enemies

Modify the Player class to defeat enemies by jumping on them:

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def check_collision_with_enemies(self, enemies): for enemy in enemies: if self.rect.colliderect(enemy.rect): if self.rect.bottom - enemy.rect.top < 10: # Jumping on top enemy.kill() # Remove the enemy return False # Player survives else: return True # Player is hit by the enemy return False

7.6 Enhancing Enemy Behavior

Add Patrol Areas:

Modify the Walker class to patrol within specific boundaries:

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class Walker(Enemy): def init(self, x, y, width, height, speed, patrol_left, patrol_right): super().__init__(x, y, width, height) self.speed = speed self.patrol_left = patrol_left self.patrol_right = patrol_right def update(self): self.rect.x += self.speed if self.rect.right > self.patrol_right or self.rect.left < self.patrol_left: self.speed *= -1

Enemy Animations:

Add animation frames for walking and chasing:

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self.walk_frames = [ pygame.image.load("assets/images/enemy_walk1.png"), pygame.image.load("assets/images/enemy_walk2.png") ] def update(self): self.image = self.walk_frames[int(pygame.time.get_ticks() / 200) % len(self.walk_frames)] super().update()

7.7 Testing Enemies

Run the Game:

Ensure that enemies move correctly and interact with the player.

Verify that the player can defeat enemies by jumping on them.

Debugging Tips:

If enemies clip through platforms, check their rect values.

If collisions don’t work, verify that the player and enemy sprites are in the same Group.

7.8 What’s Next?

Now that enemies are functional, it’s time to add collectibles and a scoring system to reward the player. In the next chapter, we’ll create coins and power-ups, and track the player’s progress.

Chapter 8: Adding Interactivity

Adding interactive elements such as collectibles, power-ups, and a scoring system is essential for enhancing the gameplay experience. These features encourage exploration and reward the player for their progress. In this chapter, we’ll implement coins, power-ups, and a scoring system to make the game more dynamic and engaging.

8.1 What are Collectibles and Power-Ups?

Collectibles:

Items like coins or gems that the player collects to increase their score or achieve objectives.

Power-Ups:

Special items that grant temporary abilities or bonuses, such as increased speed or invincibility.

8.2 Creating Collectibles

Step 1: Define the Coin Class

Create a file named collectible.py and define a Coin class:

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import pygame class Coin(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((30, 30)) # Placeholder for coin self.image.fill((255, 223, 0)) # Yellow for coins self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.center = (x, y)

Step 2: Add Coins to the Game

In main.py, import the Coin class and create coin instances:

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from collectible import Coin class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = pygame.image.load("assets/images/background.png") self.background = pygame.transform.scale(self.background, (800, 600)) # Create player self.player = Player(100, 500) self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group() self.all_sprites.add(self.player) # Create platforms self.platforms = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_platforms() # Create coins self.coins = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_coins() def create_coins(self): coin1 = Coin(150, 350) coin2 = Coin(450, 250) self.coins.add(coin1, coin2) self.all_sprites.add(coin1, coin2) def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.player.update(keys, self.platforms) # Check for coin collection coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(self.player, self.coins, True) for coin in coins_collected: self.player.score += 10 def render(self): self.screen.blit(self.background, (0, 0)) self.all_sprites.draw(self.screen) pygame.display.flip()

Step 3: Display the Score

In player.py, add a score attribute to the Player class:

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class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((50, 50)) self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = x self.rect.y = y self.velocity = pygame.math.Vector2(0, 0) # Player attributes self.score = 0

In main.py, display the score on the screen:

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# Render the score font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36) score_text = font.render(f"Score: {self.player.score}", True, (0, 0, 0)) self.screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10))

8.3 Adding Power-Ups

Step 1: Define the Power-Up Class

In collectible.py, define a PowerUp class:

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class PowerUp(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y, effect): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((40, 40)) # Placeholder for power-up self.image.fill((0, 0, 255)) # Blue for power-ups self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.center = (x, y) self.effect = effect # Effect could be "speed" or "invincibility"

Step 2: Add Power-Ups to the Game

In main.py, create power-up instances:

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self.power_ups = pygame.sprite.Group() def create_power_ups(self): power_up1 = PowerUp(350, 300, effect="speed") self.power_ups.add(power_up1) self.all_sprites.add(power_up1)

Step 3: Handle Power-Up Effects

In player.py, add methods to activate and deactivate power-ups:

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class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((50, 50)) self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = x self.rect.y = y self.velocity = pygame.math.Vector2(0, 0) # Player attributes self.score = 0 self.speed = 5 # Default speed self.invincible = False # Default state def activate_power_up(self, effect): if effect == "speed": self.speed = 10 # Increase speed temporarily elif effect == "invincibility": self.invincible = True # Become invincible def deactivate_power_up(self, effect): if effect == "speed": self.speed = 5 # Reset speed elif effect == "invincibility": self.invincible = False # Reset invincibility

In main.py, check for power-up collection:

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power_ups_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(self.player, self.power_ups, True) for power_up in power_ups_collected: self.player.activate_power_up(power_up.effect) # Schedule deactivation after a few seconds pygame.time.set_timer(pygame.USEREVENT + 1, 5000) # 5 seconds

Handle deactivation in handle_events:

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if event.type == pygame.USEREVENT + 1: self.player.deactivate_power_up("speed")

8.4 Testing Interactivity

Run the Game:

Ensure coins and power-ups appear in the game.

Verify that collecting coins increases the score.

Confirm that power-ups apply their effects and deactivate after a few seconds.

Debugging Tips:

If collectibles don’t disappear after being collected, check the spritecollide function.

If power-up effects don’t deactivate, verify the timer logic.

8.5 Enhancing Interactivity

Animated Coins and Power-Ups:

Add animation frames to coins and power-ups for a more dynamic appearance.

Sound Effects:

Play a sound when coins or power-ups are collected:

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coin_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("assets/sounds/coin.wav") coin_sound.play()

Multiple Power-Up Types:

Add new effects, such as double jump or increased jump height.

Score-Based Rewards:

Unlock new levels or abilities based on the player’s score.

8.6 What’s Next?

With interactivity in place, we’ll enhance the game with backgrounds, scrolling mechanics, and music in the next chapter. These features will create a more immersive and polished gaming experience.

Chapter 9: Adding Backgrounds and Music

Backgrounds and music bring life to your game, creating an immersive experience for players. In this chapter, we’ll add scrolling backgrounds to simulate movement through levels and incorporate sound effects and background music to enhance the game’s atmosphere.

9.1 Why Add Backgrounds and Music?

Backgrounds:

Provide a sense of movement and progression.

Make the game visually appealing and engaging.

Music and Sound Effects:

Create mood and excitement.

Give players audio feedback for actions like collecting coins or jumping.

9.2 Adding a Scrolling Background

Step 1: Create a Background Class

To handle scrolling backgrounds, we’ll create a Background class. Add the following to a new file named background.py:

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import pygame class Background: def init(self, image_path, speed): self.image = pygame.image.load(image_path) self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (800, 600)) # Match screen size self.speed = speed self.x1 = 0 # First image position self.x2 = self.image.get_width() # Second image position (continuation) def update(self): # Move both images to the left self.x1 -= self.speed self.x2 -= self.speed # Reset positions when images move off-screen if self.x1 <= -self.image.get_width(): self.x1 = self.x2 + self.image.get_width() if self.x2 <= -self.image.get_width(): self.x2 = self.x1 + self.image.get_width() def render(self, screen): # Draw both images screen.blit(self.image, (self.x1, 0)) screen.blit(self.image, (self.x2, 0))

Step 2: Integrate the Background into the Game

In main.py, import the Background class and add an instance of it:

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from background import Background class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load assets self.background = Background("assets/images/background.png", speed=2) # Create player self.player = Player(100, 500) self.all_sprites = pygame.sprite.Group() self.all_sprites.add(self.player) # Create platforms self.platforms = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_platforms() # Create collectibles and enemies self.coins = pygame.sprite.Group() self.enemies = pygame.sprite.Group() self.create_coins() self.create_enemies() def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.player.update(keys, self.platforms) # Update scrolling background self.background.update() # Update enemies for enemy in self.enemies: if isinstance(enemy, Chaser): enemy.update(self.player) else: enemy.update() def render(self): # Render the scrolling background self.background.render(self.screen) # Render game elements self.all_sprites.draw(self.screen) # Display score font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36) score_text = font.render(f"Score: {self.player.score}", True, (0, 0, 0)) self.screen.blit(score_text, (10, 10)) pygame.display.flip()

Run the game, and you’ll see a scrolling background that moves continuously, creating the illusion of a larger game world.

9.3 Adding Music and Sound Effects

Step 1: Initialize Pygame Mixer

Pygame’s mixer module handles audio playback. Add the following initialization to main.py:

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pygame.mixer.init()

Step 2: Add Background Music

Add a background music file (e.g., background_music.mp3) to the assets/sounds/ directory. Load and play the music in the Game class:

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class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() pygame.mixer.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True # Load background music pygame.mixer.music.load("assets/sounds/background_music.mp3") pygame.mixer.music.set_volume(0.5) # Set volume (0.0 to 1.0) pygame.mixer.music.play(-1) # Loop music indefinitely # Other game setup

Step 3: Add Sound Effects

Add sound effect files (e.g., coin.wav, jump.wav) to the assets/sounds/ directory. Play them during specific actions:

Coin Collection Sound

In main.py, modify the coin collection logic:

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self.coin_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("assets/sounds/coin.wav") def update(self): keys = pygame.key.get_pressed() self.player.update(keys, self.platforms) # Check for coin collection coins_collected = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(self.player, self.coins, True) for coin in coins_collected: self.player.score += 10 self.coin_sound.play()

Jump Sound

In player.py, add a jump sound:

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class Player(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, x, y): super().__init__() self.image = pygame.Surface((50, 50)) self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = x self.rect.y = y self.velocity = pygame.math.Vector2(0, 0) # Player attributes self.score = 0 self.speed = 5 self.jump_strength = -15 self.gravity = 0.8 # Load jump sound self.jump_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("assets/sounds/jump.wav") def jump(self): if self.velocity.y == 0: # Can jump only when on the ground self.velocity.y = self.jump_strength self.jump_sound.play()

9.4 Enhancing Backgrounds and Music

Layered Backgrounds:

Add multiple scrolling layers at different speeds to create a parallax effect:

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self.foreground = Background("assets/images/foreground.png", speed=4) self.midground = Background("assets/images/midground.png", speed=2) self.background = Background("assets/images/background.png", speed=1)

In render:

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self.background.render(self.screen) self.midground.render(self.screen) self.foreground.render(self.screen)

Dynamic Music:

Change the music track when the player reaches a new level:

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if level_complete: pygame.mixer.music.load("assets/sounds/next_level_music.mp3") pygame.mixer.music.play(-1)

Additional Sound Effects:

Add sounds for enemy interactions, power-up activations, or game over.

9.5 Testing Backgrounds and Music

Run the Game:

Ensure the background scrolls smoothly.

Verify that music and sound effects play at the correct times.

Debugging Tips:

If music doesn’t play, check the file path and format compatibility.

If sound effects overlap or play too loudly, adjust the volume or use mixer.Channel to manage sounds.

9.6 What’s Next?

With backgrounds and music in place, the game feels immersive and polished. In the next chapter, we’ll focus on final touches like menus, a game over screen, and testing the game for bugs before packaging it for distribution.

Chapter 10: Polishing the Game

With the core gameplay and mechanics in place, it’s time to add finishing touches that elevate the game from functional to polished. This includes adding menus, a game over screen, and debugging to ensure a smooth and enjoyable experience. By the end of this chapter, your game will feel complete and ready for players.

10.1 Adding a Start Menu

The start menu is the first screen players see when they launch the game. It sets the tone and allows players to begin the game, adjust settings, or exit.

Step 1: Create the Menu Class

In a new file named menu.py, add the following code:

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import pygame class Menu: def init(self, screen): self.screen = screen self.font = pygame.font.Font(None, 64) self.options = ["Start Game", "Quit"] self.selected_option = 0 def render(self): self.screen.fill((0, 0, 0)) # Black background for index, option in enumerate(self.options): color = (255, 255, 255) if index == self.selected_option else (100, 100, 100) text = self.font.render(option, True, color) text_rect = text.get_rect(center=(400, 300 + index * 100)) self.screen.blit(text, text_rect) def handle_input(self, event): if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_UP: self.selected_option = (self.selected_option - 1) % len(self.options) elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN: self.selected_option = (self.selected_option + 1) % len(self.options) elif event.key == pygame.K_RETURN: if self.selected_option == 0: # Start Game return "start" elif self.selected_option == 1: # Quit return "quit" return None

Step 2: Integrate the Menu into the Game

In main.py, import and use the Menu class:

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from menu import Menu class Game: def init(self): pygame.init() self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((800, 600)) pygame.display.set_caption("Mario-Style Platformer") self.clock = pygame.time.Clock() self.running = True self.menu = Menu(self.screen) self.in_menu = True def run(self): while self.running: if self.in_menu: self.run_menu() else: self.run_game() pygame.quit() def run_menu(self): for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: self.running = False action = self.menu.handle_input(event) if action == "start": self.in_menu = False elif action == "quit": self.running = False self.menu.render() pygame.display.flip() def run_game(self): while not self.in_menu: self.handle_events() self.update() self.render() self.clock.tick(60)

10.2 Adding a Game Over Screen

The game over screen is displayed when the player loses. It provides options to retry or exit.

Step 1: Create the Game Over Function

Add a game_over function in main.py:

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def game_over(self): font = pygame.font.Font(None, 64) game_over_text = font.render("Game Over", True, (255, 0, 0)) retry_text = font.render("Press R to Retry or Q to Quit", True, (255, 255, 255)) self.screen.fill((0, 0, 0)) self.screen.blit(game_over_text, game_over_text.get_rect(center=(400, 250))) self.screen.blit(retry_text, retry_text.get_rect(center=(400, 350))) pygame.display.flip() while True: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: self.running = False return if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: if event.key == pygame.K_r: self.in_menu = True return if event.key == pygame.K_q: self.running = False return

Step 2: Trigger Game Over

In the update method, call game_over if the player collides with an enemy:

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if self.player.check_collision_with_enemies(self.enemies): self.game_over()

10.3 Debugging and Testing

Step 1: Debugging Common Issues

Player Falls Through Platforms:

Ensure the collision detection logic checks both x and y coordinates.

Add debug visuals:

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pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, (255, 0, 0), platform.rect, 2)

Music or Sound Effects Don’t Play:

Check file paths and ensure they are in compatible formats (.wav for effects, .mp3 for music).

Verify that pygame.mixer is initialized:

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pygame.mixer.init()

Game Window Freezes:

Ensure the clock.tick(60) is limiting the frame rate.

Use print() statements to trace infinite loops.

Step 2: User Testing

Ask others to play your game and gather feedback on:

Controls: Are they intuitive and responsive?

Difficulty: Is the game balanced and engaging?

Bugs: Did they encounter any unexpected behavior?

10.4 Enhancing the Game Experience

Add Difficulty Levels

Allow players to select a difficulty level from the start menu:

Easy: Slower enemies, fewer obstacles.

Medium: Balanced gameplay.

Hard: Faster enemies, more obstacles.

Modify the Menu class:

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self.options = ["Easy", "Medium", "Hard", "Quit"]

Use the selected option to adjust game parameters:

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if action == "Easy": self.enemy_speed = 1 elif action == "Medium": self.enemy_speed = 2 elif action == "Hard": self.enemy_speed = 3

Add Visual Effects

Screen Shake: Shake the screen when the player takes damage:

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def screen_shake(self): offset = 5 for _ in range(10): self.screen.blit(self.background.image, (offset, 0)) pygame.display.flip() offset *= -1

Particle Effects: Add sparkles when coins are collected.

10.5 Testing Final Features

Checklist:

Does the start menu display correctly and respond to input?

Does the game over screen appear when the player loses?

Are sound effects and music synchronized with gameplay?

Is the game balanced across different difficulty levels?

10.6 What’s Next?

With the game polished, we’re ready to package and distribute it. In the next chapter, we’ll use tools like PyInstaller to create a standalone executable and share your game with others.

Chapter 11: Packaging and Distributing the Game

With your Mario-style platformer complete and polished, the final step is to package the game for distribution so others can play it. In this chapter, we’ll create a standalone executable file using tools like PyInstaller, ensure all assets are included, and discuss methods for sharing your game.

11.1 Why Package the Game?

Python scripts rely on having Python installed on the user’s system, which isn’t always convenient. Packaging the game as an executable file ensures:

Users don’t need to install Python or libraries.

All game assets are bundled together.

The game runs as a standalone program, making it easier to share.

11.2 Setting Up PyInstaller

PyInstaller is a tool that converts Python scripts into standalone executables.

Step 1: Install PyInstaller

Open the terminal in PyCharm or your system’s command prompt and run:

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pip install pyinstaller

Step 2: Verify Installation

Ensure PyInstaller is installed by typing:

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pyinstaller --version

11.3 Creating an Executable

Step 1: Prepare Your Project Folder

Ensure your project folder is structured like this:

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MarioStyleGame/ │ ├── main.py # Main game file ├── menu.py # Menu class ├── player.py # Player class ├── platform.py # Platform class ├── enemy.py # Enemy classes ├── collectible.py # Collectible and power-up classes ├── background.py # Background class ├── assets/ │ ├── images/ # All game images │ │ ├── background.png │ │ ├── player.png │ │ └── enemy.png │ ├── sounds/ # All game sounds │ │ ├── background_music.mp3 │ │ ├── jump.wav │ │ └── coin.wav ├── levels/ │ ├── level1.json # Level layout │ └── level2.json

Step 2: Run PyInstaller

In the terminal, navigate to the project folder and run:

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pyinstaller --onefile --windowed main.py

Explanation of options:

--onefile: Packages everything into a single executable.

--windowed: Suppresses the console window (for GUI applications).

11.4 Packaging Assets

PyInstaller doesn’t automatically include external assets like images, sounds, or JSON files. We need to tell it to include these manually.

Step 1: Modify the Command

Use the --add-data option to include assets:

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pyinstaller --onefile --windowed main.py \ --add-data "assets;assets" \ --add-data "levels;levels"

Step 2: Adjust File Paths

Update file paths in your game to ensure compatibility with the packaged executable. Use sys._MEIPASS to access bundled assets:

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import os import sys def resource_path(relative_path): """Get absolute path to resource, works for dev and for PyInstaller.""" try: base_path = sys._MEIPASS except AttributeError: base_path = os.path.abspath(".") return os.path.join(base_path, relative_path) # Example usage background_image_path = resource_path("assets/images/background.png") background = pygame.image.load(background_image_path)

11.5 Testing the Executable

Locate the Executable:

After running PyInstaller, the executable will be in the dist/ folder.

Test the Executable:

Run the file on different machines to ensure it works without errors.

Check that all assets (images, sounds) load correctly.

Debugging Tips:

If the executable doesn’t run, check the error logs in the terminal.

If assets are missing, ensure they’re correctly referenced using resource_path.

11.6 Sharing Your Game

Option 1: Local Sharing

USB Drive: Copy the executable file to a USB drive and share it with friends.

Email or Cloud Storage: Use Google Drive, Dropbox, or another file-sharing service.

Option 2: Hosting Online

GitHub or GitLab: Host your game’s source code and executable for public or private access.

Itch.io or GameJolt: These platforms are designed for sharing indie games and allow you to upload and showcase your game.

Option 3: Compress the Game

Create a ZIP file containing the executable and any necessary files (like a README).

Ensure the ZIP includes:

The executable file.

A README file with instructions for installation and gameplay.

License information, if applicable.

11.7 Writing a README File

A README file provides players with essential information about your game. Here’s an example:

README.md

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# Mario-Style Platformer Game ## About A fun Mario-style platformer game where you collect coins, defeat enemies, and navigate challenging levels. ## Features - Multiple levels with increasing difficulty. - Collectibles and power-ups. - Scrolling backgrounds and immersive sound effects. ## How to Play 1. Use the arrow keys to move. 2. Press SPACE to jump. 3. Collect coins to increase your score. 4. Avoid or defeat enemies by jumping on them. ## Installation 1. Download the ZIP file and extract it. 2. Run `MarioStyleGame.exe` to start the game. ## Credits - Developed by [Your Name]. - Background music by [Artist/Source]. - Sprites and sound effects from [Sources].

11.8 Optional: Cross-Platform Distribution

To make your game available on other operating systems:

Windows:

Use PyInstaller on a Windows machine to create a .exe file.

macOS:

Run PyInstaller on a macOS machine to create a .app file:

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pyinstaller --onefile --windowed main.py

Linux:

Use PyInstaller on a Linux machine to create a binary.

11.9 Enhancing the Game for Distribution

Add a Launcher Icon

Create a 256x256 .ico file (for Windows) or .icns file (for macOS).

Add it to the PyInstaller command:

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pyinstaller --onefile --windowed main.py --icon="assets/icon.ico"

Add Version Information

Create a version.txt file in the project folder:

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Game Version: 1.0.0 Release Date: [Date]

Display the version on the start menu or in the README.

11.10 Testing Final Packaging

Run the executable on a clean machine without Python installed.

Verify that:

The game launches successfully.

All assets load correctly.

Sound and music work as expected.

11.11 What’s Next?

Congratulations! Your game is now complete and packaged for distribution. As a final step, share it with friends, family, or the world. If you want to enhance the game further, consider adding features like multiplayer support, additional levels, or online leaderboards.

Chapter 12: Conclusion and Next Steps

Congratulations! You’ve successfully built, polished, and packaged your Mario-style platformer game. This project combined various elements of game development, including programming, design, and testing, to create a functional and engaging game. In this final chapter, we’ll reflect on what you’ve accomplished, summarize key concepts, and explore opportunities for enhancing your game or pursuing new projects.

12.1 Reflecting on Your Accomplishment

You’ve come a long way from setting up your development environment to building a complete game. Let’s recap the milestones you’ve achieved:

Game Setup:

Installed Python, PyCharm, and Pygame.

Created a functional game window and game loop.

Player Mechanics:

Designed and animated a player character.

Implemented movement, jumping, and collision detection.

Game World:

Created static and moving platforms.

Designed and loaded levels using JSON files.

Enemies and Collectibles:

Added enemies with unique behaviors.

Incorporated coins and power-ups with scoring mechanics.

Polishing:

Added scrolling backgrounds, sound effects, and music.

Designed start and game over menus for a polished experience.

Packaging:

Packaged the game as a standalone executable for easy distribution.

This journey has given you hands-on experience with programming concepts, game design, and debugging. Well done!

12.2 Summary of Key Concepts Learned

Python Programming:

Functions, classes, and object-oriented programming.

Using libraries like Pygame for graphics and sound.

Game Development Basics:

Creating a game loop for continuous updates and rendering.

Handling user input for player controls.

Collision Detection:

Ensuring accurate interactions between the player, platforms, enemies, and collectibles.

Asset Management:

Loading and using images, sounds, and level files effectively.

Packaging and Distribution:

Using PyInstaller to create an executable that bundles all game assets.

12.3 Ideas for Enhancing Your Game

Your game is complete, but there’s always room for improvement. Here are some ideas to expand its features:

Gameplay Enhancements

Additional Levels:

Design new levels with unique challenges and themes.

Use a level progression system to unlock levels as the player completes them.

New Enemies:

Add flying enemies or ones that shoot projectiles.

Introduce bosses with special mechanics.

Power-Up Variety:

Add power-ups like double jump, shields, or slow-motion effects.

Time Challenge Mode:

Add a timer to challenge players to complete levels quickly.

Visual and Audio Improvements

Advanced Animations:

Use sprite sheets for smoother player and enemy animations.

Add effects like particle systems for jumping, landing, or collecting coins.

Dynamic Backgrounds:

Introduce parallax scrolling with multiple background layers.

Custom Music:

Compose or use royalty-free tracks to create unique music for each level.

Technical Enhancements

Save System:

Allow players to save and load their progress.

Store data such as unlocked levels and high scores in a JSON or SQLite database.

Multiplayer Mode:

Add local multiplayer with a second player character.

Implement cooperative or competitive gameplay.

Online Leaderboards:

Use a simple backend service to store and display global high scores.

Thematic Customization

Level Themes:

Create levels with different environments (e.g., forests, deserts, caves, or space).

Change backgrounds, platforms, and enemy designs to match the theme.

Player Customization:

Allow players to select or unlock different characters.

Add cosmetic upgrades, such as new outfits or animations.

12.4 Sharing Your Game

Now that your game is complete, it’s time to share it with others. Here’s how:

Friends and Family:

Share the executable directly via email, USB, or cloud storage.

Social Media:

Create a trailer or gameplay video to share on platforms like YouTube, TikTok, or Instagram.

Game Hosting Platforms:

Upload your game to platforms like Itch.io or GameJolt to reach a wider audience.

Open Source:

Share your code on GitHub to contribute to the developer community.

12.5 Exploring New Projects

Building this game has equipped you with valuable skills that can be applied to other projects. Consider the following:

Game Development:

Build a puzzle game, RPG, or endless runner.

Explore 3D game development with Unity or Unreal Engine.

Software Development:

Create utility applications like task managers or weather apps.

Develop mobile apps using frameworks like Kivy or Flutter.

Data Visualization:

Use libraries like Matplotlib and Pygame to create interactive data visualizations.

AI in Games:

Implement advanced enemy AI or procedural level generation.

12.6 Your Next Steps

Celebrate Your Success:

Take a moment to appreciate what you’ve accomplished. Game development is no small feat!

Enhance and Expand:

Start working on new features or polish your existing game.

Learn More:

Dive deeper into game development with tutorials, books, or courses.

Explore other Pygame projects or try out new libraries like PyQt or Pyglet.

12.7 Final Thoughts

Creating a Mario-style platformer is an excellent introduction to game development. By completing this project, you’ve demonstrated creativity, problem-solving, and technical skills. Whether you choose to enhance this game or embark on a new project, the knowledge and experience you’ve gained will serve you well.

Thank you for taking this journey, and happy coding!